urothelial carcinoma


Expand All | Collapse All

  • Clinical

    • associations: smoking, cyclophosphamide
    • male > female (3:1)
    • age 50+

  • Cytology

    • high NC ratio
    • hyperchromasia
    • irregular nuclear contour
    • coarse chromatin
    • can have large nucleoli
    • necrotic debris
    • can have squamous or glandular differentiation

  • Ddx

    • decoy cells: single cells rather than clusters
    • benign stone atypia: check history
    • reactive: foamy cytoplasm, no other atypia other than high NC ratio
    • treatment effect: large cells but normal NC ratio
    • normal upper tract specimen: can look atypical, so compare contralateral specimen
    		•